QUESTION TAG

 Question Tag

When you spoke to the people you sometimes give a statement asking the person to disapprove of what you say / or to confirm.

E.g guiler in such phrases follows:

-    (It`s Wednesday,isn`t it? )

-    (You understand , don`t you ?)

-    ( Adinda come, don`t she?)

-    (Cindy can`t speak English ,can she?)

-    (There were three strangers here last night, weren`t there?

Said  right? laid statement, at the end of a sentence as in example sentences above called question tag.

Consider that the question tag would change according to the statement.

When question tag used?

Tag used question: 

- to ask.

Pronounced with intonation up.

Example:

You are Indri, aren`t you?

They don`t know anything, do they?

 to assert a statement / or asked approval toanybody you talk to.

Pronounced with intonation decline because basically not sentence ask.

Example:

Cyntia knows, doesn`t she?

Guidelines use.

If the statement is positif, then question tag his going.

Example:

It is a nice day, isn`t it?

(+)               ,   (-)

You understand ,  don`t you ?

(  + )         ,        (  -)

If, statement going then his question tag positive.

 Example:

Cindy can`t speak English ,can she?

                       (  - )                         ,  (+ )

Shelly didn`t get lost, did she?

(-)                 , (+)

Tag, in question its own name / thisstuff / etc. to be converted into a pronoun he, pronoun she, it, they, we, i, you, there.

So just words that is worn in tags. 

Example:

Ismi and Yuda will get married, won`t they?

Desy had lunch in the cafeteria,didn`t she?

Do  ? does  ?

Don' t  ?

Doesn' t  ?

Use if verb in the clause in the first statement simple present

Example:

Mrs. Ida explains the lesson well, doesn`t she?

Mrs. Ida doesn`t explain the lesson well, does she?

Established  ? didn' t. ?

First used if verb in the clause past statements, in simple form

Example: 

You came there, didn’t you?

They didn`t know the answer, did they?

If in a statement, never used the words of a sentence seldom get, rarely, hardly ever, no, no one, few, little, then tag shaped positive.

Example:

You hardly ever call her, do you?

She never gets up before five, does she?

They`ve got no money, have they?

If everyone, subjectnya statement sentence everybody, everything, no one, nobody, anybody, anyone, then they tag use.

Example: 

Everything is all right, aren`t they?

Everybody comes, don`t they?

Sentence orders requiring tag will you

Example:

Keep silent, will you?

Please, don`t swim here, will you?

Speak slowly, will you?

Sentence statement  i am . question its tag  aren' t i?

Example:

I am your mom, aren`t I?

by mega hariani

REALITY OF DECISION MAKING

Reality of Decision making

Decision making can be regarded as the mental processes (cognitive process) resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternative scenarios. Every decision making process produces a final choice.^[1] The output can be an action or an opinion of choice.

Overview

Human performance in decision terms has been the subject of active research from several perspectives. From a psychological perspective, it is necessary to examine individual decisions in the context of a set of needs, preferences an individual has and values they seek. From a cognitive perspective, the decision making process must be regarded as a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the environment. From a normative perspective, the analysis of individual decisions is concerned with the logic of decision making and rationality and the invariant choice it leads to.

Yet, at another level, it might be regarded as a problem solving activity which is terminated when a satisfactory solution is reached. Therefore, decision making is a reasoning or emotional process which can be rational or irrational, can be based on explicit assumptions or tacit assumptions.

One must keep in mind that most decisions are made unconsciously. Jim Nightingale, Author of Think Smart-Act Smart, states that "we simply decide without thinking much about the decision process." In a controlled environment, such as a classroom, instructors encourage students to weigh pros and cons before making a decision. However in the real world, most of our decisions are made unconsciously in our mind because frankly, it would take too much time to sit down and list the pros and cons of each decision we must make on a daily basis.

Logical decision making is an important part of all science-based professions, where specialists apply their knowledge in a given area to making informed decisions. For example, medical decision making often involves making a diagnosis and selecting an appropriate treatment. Some research using naturalistic methods shows, however, that in situations with higher time pressure, higher stakes, or increased ambiguities, experts use intuitive decision making rather than structured approaches, following a recognition primed decision approach to fit a set of indicators into the expert's experience and immediately arrive at a satisfactory course of action without weighing alternatives. Recent robust decision efforts have formally integrated uncertainty into the decision making process. However, Decision Analysis, recognized and included uncertainties with a structured and rationally justifiable method of decision making since its conception in 1964.

A major part of decision making involves the analysis of a finite set of alternatives described in terms of some evaluative criteria. These criteria may be benefit or cost in nature. Then the problem might be to rank these alternatives in terms of how attractive they are to the decision maker(s) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Another goal might be to just find the best alternative or to determine the relative total priority of each alternative (for instance, if alternatives represent projects competing for funds) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Solving such problems is the focus of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) also known as multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). This area of decision making, although it is very old and has attracted the interest of many researchers and practitioners, is still highly debated as there are many MCDA / MCDM methods which may yield very different results when they are applied on exactly the same data.^[3] This leads to the formulation of a decision making paradox.

Problem Analysis vs Decision Making

It is important to differentiate between problem analysis and decision making. The concepts are completely separate from one another. Problem analysis must be done first, then the information gathered in that process may be used towards decision making.^[4]

Problem Analysis

• Analyze performance, what should the results be against what they actually are
• Problems are merely deviations from performance standards
• Problem must be precisely identified and described
• Problems are caused by some change from a distinctive feature
• Something can always be used to distinguish between what has and hasn't been effected by a cause
• Causes to problems can be deducted from relevant changes found in analyzing the problem
• Most likely cause to a problem is the one that exactly explains all the facts

Decision Making

• Objectives must first be established
• Objectives must be classified and placed in order of importance
• Alternative actions must be developed
• The alternative must be evaluated against all the objectives
• The alternative that is able to achieve all the objectives is the tentative decision
• The tentative decision is evaluated for more possible consequences
• The decisive actions are taken, and additional actions are taken to prevent any adverse consequences from becoming problems and starting both systems (problem analysis and decision making) all over again
• There are steps that are generally followed that result in a decision model that can be used to determine an optimal production plan.^[5]
• In a situation featuring conflict, role-playing is helpful for predicting decisions to be made by involved parties.

Decision Planning

Making a decision without planning is fairly common, but does not often end well. Planning allows for decisions to be made comfortably and in a smart way. Planning makes decision making a lot more simpler than it is. Decision will get four benefits out of planning: 1. Planning give chance to the establishment of independent goals. It is a conscious and directed series of choices. 2. Planning provides a standard of measurement. It is is a measurement of whether you are going towards or further away from your goal. 3. Planning converts values to action. You think twice about the plan and decide what will help advance your plan best. 4. Planning allows to limited resources to be committed in an orderly way. Always govern the use of what is limited to you (e.g money, time, etc..) ^[7]

Everyday techniques

Some of the decision making techniques people use in everyday life include:

• Pros and Cons: Listing the advantages and disadvantages of each option, popularized by Plato and Benjamin Franklin. Contrast the costs and benefits of all alternatives. Also called Rational decision making.
• Simple Prioritization: Choosing the alternative with the highest probability-weighted utility for each alternative (see Decision Analysis)
• Satisficing: Examine alternatives only until an acceptable one is found.
• Acquiesce to a person in authority or an "expert", just following orders
• Flipism: Flipping a coin, cutting a deck of playing cards, and other random or coincidence methods
• Prayer, tarot cards, astrology, augurs, revelation, or other forms of divination
• Taking the most opposite action compared to the advice of mistrusted authorities (parents, police officers, partners ...)
• Opportunity cost: calculating the opportunity cost of each options and decide the decision.
• Bureaucratic: Set up criteria for automated decisions.
• Political: Negotiate choices among interest groups.

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making

my opinion about this article

A decision shall take from an experience or in reality we met, complex like the decision in extract by institutions like meteorology and geophysics who takes a conclusion or decision of a calculations

MODERN BANGKING

MODERN BANGKING

Modern banking operations are basically to ease the movement of goods across the political boundary of countries. Banking system came beside with the enlargement of money as an institution.  As civilization narrowed downward the social distances and mankind learned about the remuneration of exchanging commodities athwart political boundaries, the present day international trade developed.  The business of commodities across countries necessary financial intermediation in the international stage and thus modern banking system was born. The banking system is a crucially important and vital part of the in general economy. By, encouraging saving, and through the allocation of savings to borrowers, the financial system plays a key role in the investment procedure, which is a major determinant of the economy growth and future productive aptitude. Escalation the financial sector is a vital concern for an economy. Efficient banking or sound financial system provide as an effective channel for mobilizing funds from savers to productive segment and thus helps to achieve economic growth. In today’s world no country can afford to do business without whichever in the field of international trade or in international banking. Since international trade is directly correlated to modern banking, quantity of international trade (imports and exports together) is a determinant of the growth of modern banking and the relationship is direct. This research paper discuss about the definition of bank, history of banking system, the structure of modern banking systems and importance of banking system in global aspect.

 2.1 Definition of Bank:

The word ‘Bank’ was perhaps imitative from the word ‘bench[1]‘ as during ancient time Jews used to do money lending business sitting on long benches. A bank[2] can be defined in terms of the economic functions it serves, the services it offers its customers and the legal basis for its existence. According to Geoffrey “A dealer in debts- his own & of others people”. And Sir John Paget “ No person or body, corporate or otherwise, can be a banker who does not (1) take deposit accounts, (2) take current accounts, (3) issues & pay cheques, & (4) collect cheques, crossed & uncrossed, for his customers. Bank is a lawful organization, which recognizes deposits that can be withdrawn on demand. It also lends money to persons and business houses that want it. The actions carried on by banks are called banking activity. ‘Banking’ as an activity engages recognition of deposits and lending or investment of money. It makes possible business activities by providing money and definite services that help in exchange of goods and services. Therefore, banking is a significant supplementary to trade. It not only provides money for the production of goods and services but also assist their exchange between the buyer and seller.

 History of banking system:

Banking activities were adequately important in Babylonia in the second millennium B.C. that written standards of practice were considered necessary. These standards were part of the Code of Hammurabi the earliest known formal laws. Obviously, these primitive banking transactions were very different in many ways to their modern-day counterparts. Deposits were not of money but of cattle, grain or other crops and eventually precious metals. Nevertheless, some of the basic concepts underlying today’s banking system were present in these ancient arrangements, however. A wide range of deposits was accepted, loans were made, and borrowers paid interest to lenders. Similar banking type arrangements could also be found in ancient Egypt. These arrangements stemmed from the requirement that grain harvests be stored in centralized state warehouses. Depositors could use written orders for the withdrawal of a certain quantity of grain as a means of payment. This system worked so well that it continued to exist even after private banks dealing in coinage and precious metals were established. 

The modern banking is to practices in the Medieval Italian cities of Florence, Venice and Genoa. The Italian bankers made loans to princes, to finance wars and their lavish lifestyles, and to merchants engaged in international trade. In fact, these early banks tended to be set up by trading families as a part of their more general business activities. The Bardi and Peruzzi families were dominant in Florence in the 14^th century and established branches in other parts of Europe to facilitate their trading activities. Perhaps the most famous of the medieval Italian banks was the Medici bank, set up by Giovanni Medici in 1397[5]http://people.brandeis.edu/~cecchett/Textbook inserts/A Brief History of Banking.htm – _ftn4. The Medici had a long history as money changers, but it was Giovanni who moved the business from a green-covered table in the market place into the hall of a palace he had built for himself. He expanded the scope of the business and established branches of the bank as far north as London. While the Medici bank extended the usual loans to merchants and royals, it also enjoyed the distinction of being the main banker for the Pope. Papal business earned higher profits for the bank than any of its other activities and was the main driving force behind the establishment of branches in other Italian cities and across Europe.

 During the 17^th and 18^th centuries the Dutch and British improved upon Italian banking techniques.  A key development often credited to the London goldsmiths around this time was the adoption of fractional reserve banking[6]. By the middle of the 17^th century, the civil war had resulted in the demise of the goldsmith’s traditional business of making objects of gold and silver. Forced to find a way to make a living, and have the means to safely store precious metal, they turned to accepting deposits of precious metals for safekeeping. The goldsmith would then issue a receipt for the deposit.  At first, these receipts circulated as form of money. But eventually, the goldsmiths realized that, since not all of the depositors would demand their gold and silver all together, they could issue more receipts than they had metal in their vault. 

The structure of modern banking system:

The banking systems of the world have many similarities, but they also differ, sometimes in relatively material respects. The principal differences are in the particulars of organization and technique. The differences are less because of the growing efficiency of international communication and the development in each country to replicate practices that have been successful elsewhere. Banking systems may be classified in terms of their structure basis.

http://www.lawyersnjurists.com/resource/articles-and-assignment/modern-banking-system-obsolete-concept-banking-system-explain-illustrate-world-wide-aspect/

my opinion about this article

Modern banking same should another bank but this modern banking services, more sophisticated in it money storage transactions financial management all in do with a computerized system

by mega hariani